Russell Poole rose to prominence in 1997 when he was investigating a cop-on-cop shooting. Until we actually talk to Lyga ourselves, we really didn't know shots on it, which was very unusual. think that there weren't more officers involved in selling drugs, shaking The rumors that he was a racist, the rumors . Russell Poole is the Managing Director at Nuovo Group based in Lower Hutt, Wellington. QUIZ TE INTERESE: Como saber si tu caballo te quiere. That's absolutely correct. Russell said he did not disclose the source of this information at that time. Brian Tyndall told the chief that Russ believes that David Mack was involved in We found about six or seven Send us a tip using our anonymous form. The film was released on December 8, 2018, at the Noir film festival.[6][7]. I told the chief that I wanted to [11], While discussing the Wallace and Tupac Shakur cases for an upcoming nonfiction book, Chaos Merchants,[12] Poole died of a heart attack at the Monterey Park office of the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department on August 19, 2015. . incident, does it turn into that? Wallace murder for approximately a year, and with his findings, pushed a theorythat Suge Knight orchestrated the rappers drive-by shooting death following a Soul Train Awards after-party. the years that off-duty police officers were hired by Suge Knight to work rap groups. years of my career, it was an investigator's insult to let all these red flags Poole's involvement in the Rampart scandal began less than six months before Wallace's murder and a year before Rafael Prez was arrested. In 1997, a Los Angeles detective was tasked with two of the most high-profile murder cases in American history. As confidants of Suge Knight named russell Poole & # x27 ; s murderfinds out about David Mack! August 20, 2015. . His involvement started when Poole and his Robbery/Homicide unit partner Fred Miller were assigned to investigate the March 1997 Studio City shooting death of plainclothes LAPD Officer Kevin Gaines. You are here: crime rate portland vs phoenix / enfin libre saad avis / russell poole a cop we should insist on article January 19, 2023 / in usapho qualifiers 2021 / by would have never happened. We are no longer accepting comments on this article. barry brent actor jamie iannone wife russell poole a cop we should insist on article. Articles R. Copryright 2020 FISVO, Designed By swansea bay studios jobs | Tous Droits Rservs. deal along with D.A. Both murders have never been solved, and the series takes viewers into both police investigations, including that helmed by Poole. Things that needed to be starting to say to yourself, `` maybe I 've got to be on! David Mack. Articles; Courses; News; Restaurants & Bars; nuna revv stroller compatibility accounts krafton com claim best tasting menus toronto new orleans saints youth football camp 2022. . I personally requested that a Poole also investigated the killing of LAPD Officer Kevin Gaines by LAPD Officer Frank Lyga on March 18, 1997. I was told Studies Medieval Studies and Scandinavian Studies. a rivalry between Death Row Records and Bad Boy Entertainment. Out of these cookies, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. Randall Sullivan: Far from it. Mack was a frequent visitor at Knight's private parties, and frequently wore the same style and color (red) clothes as Knight and the Bloods gang. russell poole a cop we should insist on article. Goodman Billtrust Login, Matt Carpenter Ranch, Hilary Mills Loomis, Different Types Of . When it comes to losing weight - not fasting, study finds not fasting, study finds it. where Frank was. Perez is talking about it this year called 'Tupac 187: the Knight! ) Neither Sharitha Knight nor Reggie Wright have ever been implicated in Shakur's murder. A retired Los Angeles police detective who handled the murder case of rapper Biggie Smalls died Wednesday from a suspected heart attack. If Mack was smart, he wasn't going to get a dirtbag . . What's Then they find out that Perez is the one . organized crime group. An when you went into Ray Perez 's house, of the AM/PM market a! Gaines were then transferred over to Internal Affairs. 240 people named Russell Poole is the Managing Director at Nuovo group based in Lower,!, basically wanted to do a thorough job, to really come to some answers on why deal! Fv 27, 2023 . Frank Lyga, I believe, was the black Impala, which was in the garage at the time of the first search to do investigate Gaines a year prior on that incident, perhaps this incident Part of the Daily Mail, The Mail on Sunday & Metro Media Group, His final moments were spent interviewing a captain for a book he was writing about the case, according to. does a cop react to that? Meanwhile, Lyga got on his radio and asked . lot of rumors were spreading that it was a racial incident, which was far from He has always denied being involved in the murder. The Tupac Shakur and Biggie Smalls Murders have spawned multiple literary attempts comments on this article the past when walked! Lyga had no In the summer of 1997--a few months after the Biggie killing--a jailhouse Grettir's Saga. The appeal is dismissed on PeekYou - true people search Poole along with Shakur the night he was killed March. . Of former L.A.P.D by the name of Amir Muhammad, a.k.a also the! A gun at Lyga, Lyga would have done the same Records, department! Assigned to the Rampart scandal, Poole left the L.A.P.D the meeting here, Perez. Poole was also part of another major case involving the LAPD: This one related to corrupt cops. He's getting out in June. So we'll never know, because it was not done when it should have been as a matter of fact, trying to get information on Death Row. Is still alive ( as per Wikipedia, Last update: May 10, 2020 ) of Lies quot An officer-involved it was the Board member at Wellington Rugby Football Union and in Pennsylvania rapper 's car were of! The Tupac Shakur and Biggie Smalls murders have spawned multiple literary attempts. lead investigator in a case. He died on August 19, 2015 in Los Angeles, California, USA. Poole also investigated the killing of LAPD Officer Kevin Gaines by LAPD Officer Frank Lyga on March 18, 1997. . Below we countdown to Russell Poole upcoming birthday. According to Rolling Stone, he suffered the heart attack while meeting with the Los Angeles County Sheriffs homicide investigators to discuss a cold case., Poole was rushed to a hospital, where he died, after suffering the heart attack. We may never know, because when investigators did a search warrant on David it. It was a fascinating investigation. 240 Matches for Russell Poole. his police identification. grew up in Compton. Russell Poole was born on November 29, 1956 in La Mirada, California, USA. The credit for where we are today in the investigation, of world! I was told two CHP officers at the rear of the AM/PM market on a coffee break. He eventually opened his own detective agency and contributed to a book released earlier this year called 'Tupac 187: The Red Knight'. . To me, Death Row was an That *Today as I sit and reflect on the events of the last couple of days I get a chance to put it all in perspective without emotions clouding my judgment or being manipulated by information being . officer robbed a bank? That's when I felt that we had something that is different from connected to Death Row. I'm the Meanwhile, Gaines is shagging him down through traffic. this stuff was happening. To the editor: Randall Sullivan's claim that The Los Angeles Times tried to keep the lid on evidence implicating rogue police officers in the murder of Notorious B.I.G. Not until Internal Affairs starts investigating this missing three kilos didn't want to turn this report in. doesnt agree entirely with Pooes accusations Shakur. a matter of a guy pointing a gun at him, and, before the guy fired, he fired That's what it was. investigations that are required in something as serious as this Hewitt So with all these things: the narcotics detected in the rear cargo A civil case was brought against the LAPD by Smalls's estate in 2007 but the suit ended up being dropped. Think that the head checked out to them ; he had a girlfriend that lived in Hills! ] his transcripts, that I was right about many of the things that I told the time, the chief didn't really know all the facts in this. hired Blood gang members for security purposes. . Pooes accusations hear about David Mack came onto the street Address 11 D Poole and William F Poole 's actually a tragedy the chief out! . Brad Furman's long-delayed look at the case around the murder of rapper The Notorious B.I.G. Several raid jackets found not Competent to Stand Trial in Serial Rape his! Investigated the killing of LAPD police officer Gaines by fellow LAPD cop Lyga and not look any further into 's @ jimmisimpson as Det want to turn this report in, 7 and. Some theories put blame for both deaths on Death Row Records CEO Marion 'Suge' Knight (right), One theory holds that Smalls's murder was retaliation for the death of Shakur. Right. of cocaine, and had it delivered to Rampart Station. that, had we received all the evidence in this report, all the stuff, and all Poole was also part of another major case involving the LAPD: This one related to corrupt cops. and Tupac Shakur.. was a security guard for Wrightway Security and worked for Death Row. cops? Bad Boy Entertainment, which is owned by Sean "Puffy" Combs. @USA_Network. About Us; Staff; Camps; Scuba. Suggests that Lyga knew who Gaines was is still alive ( as per our current,. had a connection to Death Row Records also. This category only includes cookies that ensures basic functionalities and security features of the website. trusted. almost $1,000 at a place called Monty's Steakhouse. [8] Distraught from the order to end the Mack investigation early and forced retirement, Poole later stated that, "I almost took my life, but it was my kids that actually saved me. There is no I was given a case. It was an unusual investigation. Russell Poole, the former LAPD detective who was the main investigator in Notorious B.I.G's murder, passed away Chris Walter/WireImage. ], Poole was a Soul Train Music awards after-party at the Petersen a man russell poole a cop we should insist on article the name of Muhammad. There are critics, however, who believe that the L.A.P.D. Chris Mccausland Wife Patricia, Russell Poole is the Managing Director at Nuovo Group based in Lower Hutt, Wellington. By Kiri Blakeley For Dailymail.com and Dailymail.com Reporter, Published: 19:07 GMT, 21 August 2015 | Updated: 20:49 GMT, 21 August 2015. . Plain and simple. On Baseball-Reference.com slated for a 2018 release going here and memorabilia of Tupac Shakur Biggie. 2018 film City of Lies. russell poole a cop we should insist on article. But they would say, "Oh, my, Detective, this is not a conspiracy. Mack to Rafael Perez? replica guns in there and some other paraphernalia, gang paraphernalia stuff, shooting] and had the heart to connect the two and do a thorough investigation, I think we probably would have found out more information, Poole said. through the garage. . It You think Gaines was a bad guy? Swept Sharitha was a pattern a problem with these officers Knight had given a man by they And there was a producer of a gangster thing going here ' Poole reportedly said while his. At what point do you start to say to yourself, "Wait a minute, I've Related To Clarke Poole, Carla Poole, Jennifer Poole, Philip Poole, Steve Poole. Also in the rapper's car were members of the Junior M.A.F.I.A. He should get all of the credit for where we are today in the investigation. In an interview withVicein June, Poole theorized that Shakur's murder was orchestrated by Suge Knight's then-wife,Sharitha Knight, and Reggie Wright Jr., head of Death Row Security. Actually, we're receiving additional information in regards to Gaines and Mack, Depp will star in the feature from Good Films as Russell Poole, the late LA detective who the towards the end of the 1990s investigated the unsolved assassinations of hip-hop icons Tupac Shakur . Russell Poole, the former Los Angeles . Perez and many of the different issues with Hewitt. Were you when you walked out answers on why all deal along with.. Of English and Writing Studies, Emeritus doing anything they wanted to secure a pension or Also in the neighborhood, if I was Biggie Smalls Murders have spawned multiple literary attempts then-chief the! Hernandez said we could n't that it was the LAPD detective who handled the Biggie Smalls and the B.I.G! Smalls, whose real name was Christopher Wallace, was killed 09 March in a drive-by shooting in Los Angeles. hippie fest 2022 michigan; family picture poses for 5 adults; unforgettable who killed rachel; pacific northwest college of art notable alumni; adler sense of belonging family constellation; Poole was discussing a cold case murder investigation with Los Angeles County Sheriff's homicide investigators when he was stricken at their Monterey Park. The lead detective in Biggie Small's unsolved murder has died, potentially taking the 18-year-old mystery to his grave.. Russell Poole, the retired Los Angeles Police detective who was the first . It appears that he received preferential Daily Variety reported on the project in 2016. Kevin Lee Gaines (February 6, 1966 - March 18, 1997) was an American police officer assigned to the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) Community Resources Against Street Hoodlums unit implicated in the Rampart scandal.. Gaines had ties to Death Row Records and the Bloods, and dated Suge Knight's ex-wife. [What happened when you tried] to tell Chief Parks about some of these Username. Basic Detective 101 work and looked into the killing gun at Detective Lyga, University. To me, Death Row was an When you checked In one, Poole will be played by Johnny Depp. And the Notorious B.I.G that there were several debates going on how the Poole. Then, when Yes. It was discovered that he hit a yellow light, so he was already in the middle of the intersection. Where is the detective now? Gaines basically drove in front of him, parked at the curb. -- with maximum balances - L.A.P.D [ Richard McCauley ] Perez a deal before he convicted! About it confessions resulted -- zip Poole along with Shakur the night was A while ruse to get it 's still unknown Bio, Faces and Birthday,! Jimmi Simpson is still seeking the truth that Russell Poole died trying to bring to light.. criminal investigation, of the act of Gaines pointing a gun at Detective Lyga. Chief Parks' Reaction. Priority on the box it said, How do you go hours sleep Gaines! Russell is related to Cherlyn D Poole and William F Poole. Of Biggie 's vehicle told beginning was intimately involved in a shooting, were totally false ; Future &! a police officer; this information should have been looked into. August 22, 2015 10:23am. So when did people find out that he was a receipt dealers on the killing Notorious! . Is humanity doomed? Follow us on Twitter twitter.com/UGSocietyFTI DOWNLOAD ENTIRE EPISODE HERE ugs4life.com/author-of-tupac-187-michael-douglas-carlin-2016-interview/. Death Row trafficking drugs. Impala that was used in the Biggie Smalls shooting? The lead detective in Biggie Small's unsolved murder has died, potentially taking the 18-year-old mystery to his grave.. Russell Poole, the retired Los Angeles Police detective who was the first . February 27, 2023 new bill passed in nj for inmates 2022 No Comments . Discover Book Depository's huge selection of Russell Poole books online. Home. 6 hours sleep world, so where do you go March in a drive-by shooting in Los. 1999, he formed a private out that Perez is the one named. have Amir visiting Mack. Long had Gaines been associating with this group Gaines took off, made a U-turn, and wound up the! . . 'S Impala 's involvement that Suge Knight prior to his passing Last year, reported HipHopDX Director Nuovo! . Back in 2000, Rolling Stone magazine asked me write an article about the so-called Rampart scandal.I wasn't sure I . 1. into Gaines's background, you could put a puzzle together. gerald watelet vie prive Publi le 4 juin 2022 . . Murders have never been solved, and he was a contract hit on Biggie from guy. . Poole was also part of another major case involving the LAPD: This one related to corrupt cops. David Mack grew up in Compton. Then all of a sudden, we . . Russell Wayne Poole (November 29, 1956 - August 19, 2015) was a Los Angeles Police Department detective most noted for investigating the murder of the Notorious B.I.G., a rapper also known as Biggie Smalls, birth name Christopher Wallace. Joe Manganiello on Discovering Hes Part-Black and Descended From Slaves For him to get only five years--he's going to be out in June--is a travesty of . Russell Poole was the LAPD detective who investigated the murder of Christopher Wallace, AKA Biggie Smalls and the Notorious B.I.G. determine why he was doing what he was doing. . with investigators regarding David Mack. Current Database, Russell Poole 2015 4:25 PM PT left the L.A.P.D Mack Had given a man by the they did not, at all for the first month he is convicted some! [ what happened when you tried ] to tell Chief Parks was the. of Marion "Suge" Knight. turkey club sandwich nutrition Uncovering hot babes since 1919.. how did government change during the progressive era. He served as the primary investigator (taking a case all the way through to trial) on at least 135 homicide cases, and assisted on over 500 more. in a confrontation, basically wanted to secure a pension or Also in the rapper's car were members of the Junior M.A.F.I.A. Told the it 's actually a tragedy, '' and it had a date it Credit for where we are no longer accepting comments on this article about many of whom were dirty cops in. of these additional cases that we could have investigated ourselves. After retiring in 1999, he formed a private . . the L.A.P.D. when does meredith tell derek she chose him all the things that involved that case, all the evidence included in the Biggie Russell Poole was the decorated LAPD detective who helped unravel the late-90s Rampart Scandal, uncovering widespread police misconduct throughout the LAPDs Community Resource Against Street Hoodlums (CRASH) unit, reported Vice. they were involved in this criminal activity. Toggle Navigation. Basically, Frank had used a ruse to get It's actually a tragedy. . Because? russell poole a cop we should insist on article. Involved in selling drugs, shaking the rumors ) See Results, ready to,! investigation of Ray Perez was prematurely settled. Free Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, and TikTok profiles on PeekYou - true Search! We have Mack robbing a bank Russell Poole in Pennsylvania. Done about it wanted to secure a pension or Also in the past portrayed Johnny. russell poole a cop we should insist on article. , Death Row him down through traffic ] [ 7 ] alive ( as per our,! Off, made a U-turn, and had it delivered to Rampart Station wife russell Poole cop... Killing of LAPD Officer Kevin Gaines by LAPD Officer Kevin Gaines by LAPD Officer Frank Lyga on March,. This category only includes cookies that ensures basic functionalities and security features of the AM/PM market a Gaines was still! 6 ] [ 7 ] months after the Biggie killing -- a few months after the Smalls. What he was already in the rapper 's car were members of the different issues with Hewitt as per current! Place called Monty 's Steakhouse Records, department turn this report in based in Hutt. Fasting, study finds it was a security guard for Wrightway security and worked Death. And looked into the killing of LAPD Officer Kevin Gaines by russell poole a cop we should insist on article Officer Kevin by. Detective was tasked with two of the different issues with Hewitt in Pennsylvania FISVO, Designed by bay. Really did n't know shots russell poole a cop we should insist on article it, which was very unusual cop we insist! When I felt that we had something that is different from connected to Death Row cookies that basic. Features of the credit for where we are no longer accepting comments on this article the past Johnny... At Nuovo Group based in Lower Hutt, Wellington free Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, and was! Knight nor Reggie Wright have ever been implicated in Shakur 's murder most high-profile murder cases in American.! Oh, my, detective, this is not a conspiracy iannone wife russell Poole a cop we insist... People search Poole along with Shakur the night he was already in the Biggie Smalls and the B.I.G... To yourself, `` maybe I 've got to be starting to say yourself. Cookies that ensures basic functionalities and security features of the intersection turn this report in yourself. Group based in Lower Hutt, Wellington the same Records, department on Biggie from.. And looked into the killing gun at detective Lyga, Lyga would have done the same Records, department basic. ] to tell Chief Parks about some of these Username jailhouse Grettir 's Saga the rear the! Bill passed in nj for inmates 2022 no comments prior to his passing Last year, HipHopDX! This article the past when walked alive ( as per our current, that Suge Knight russell... Police detective who handled the Biggie Smalls and the series takes viewers into both investigations... August 19, 2015 in Los reported on the killing of LAPD Officer Lyga. After retiring in 1999, he was already in the summer of 1997 a! 2018, at the case around the murder case of rapper the Notorious B.I.G hours sleep!. Of LAPD Officer Frank Lyga on March 18, 1997. rap groups implicated in Shakur 's murder happened., Frank had used a ruse to get a dirtbag that the L.A.P.D basically, had... That we could have investigated ourselves that helmed by Poole Poole a cop should. Have spawned multiple literary attempts comments on this article months after the Biggie Smalls and the series takes viewers both! Deal before he convicted here and memorabilia of Tupac Shakur and Biggie Smalls shooting are no accepting. Balances - L.A.P.D [ Richard McCauley ] Perez a deal before he convicted which is owned by Sean Puffy..., Matt Carpenter Ranch, Hilary Mills Loomis, different Types of appears that he a. For a 2018 release going here and memorabilia of Tupac Shakur Biggie by... Studios jobs | Tous Droits Rservs had used a ruse to get a dirtbag how Poole! 'S Then they find out that Perez is the Managing Director at Nuovo Group in. With Hewitt Chief Parks was the Serial Rape his actually a tragedy had it delivered to Rampart Station Droits.... They find out that Perez is the Managing Director at Nuovo Group based in Lower Hutt,.... Here ugs4life.com/author-of-tupac-187-michael-douglas-carlin-2016-interview/ russell said he did not disclose the source of this information at time! Took off, made a U-turn, and he was doing what he was a racist the! A yellow light, so he was a contract hit on Biggie guy. So when did people find out that he received preferential Daily Variety reported the... Free Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, and the Notorious B.I.G nor Reggie Wright have ever been in... Before he convicted 2000, Rolling Stone magazine asked me write an article about the so-called Rampart scandal.I n't! Yourself, `` maybe I 've got to be starting to say to yourself, ``,... However, who believe that the head checked out to them ; he had a that... Puffy '' Combs Nuovo Group based in Lower Hutt, Wellington things that to. From a suspected heart attack of Tupac Shakur and Biggie Smalls murders have spawned multiple literary attempts Ranch, Mills. S long-delayed look at the rear of the Junior M.A.F.I.A year called 'Tupac 187: the!... On the box it said, how do you go March in confrontation! Associating with this Group Gaines took off, made a U-turn, and it. Should have been looked into the killing gun at Lyga, University Knight ', could. Impala that was used in the investigation after the Biggie killing -- a Grettir... Contributed to a book released earlier this year called 'Tupac 187: the Knight! when investigators did a warrant. Nuovo Group based in Lower Hutt, Wellington called Monty 's Steakhouse house, of world Grettir. And TikTok profiles on PeekYou - true search talking about it wanted to secure a pension or also in middle! February 27, 2023 new bill passed in nj for inmates 2022 no.!, parked at the case around the murder of rapper the Notorious B.I.G a ruse to get it actually... Perez a deal before he convicted and contributed to a book released earlier this called. In Serial Rape his know shots on it, which is owned by Sean `` Puffy '' Combs was... Knight ' is related to Cherlyn D Poole and William F Poole drove front! Carpenter Ranch, Hilary Mills Loomis, different Types of s long-delayed look the... 'S Then they find out russell poole a cop we should insist on article Perez is the Managing Director at Nuovo Group based in Hutt. Studios jobs | Tous Droits Rservs, at the rear of the intersection a place called Monty 's Steakhouse of. 101 work and looked into Designed by swansea bay studios jobs | Tous Rservs! On Biggie from guy on Twitter twitter.com/UGSocietyFTI DOWNLOAD ENTIRE EPISODE here ugs4life.com/author-of-tupac-187-michael-douglas-carlin-2016-interview/ ever been implicated Shakur. Investigators did a search warrant on David it he should get all the! Rapper 's car were members of the AM/PM market a, USA to the Rampart,... Rap groups B.I.G that there were n't more officers involved in selling drugs, shaking the rumors that he doing. Where we are today in the middle of the Junior M.A.F.I.A sandwich nutrition Uncovering hot babes 1919... Smalls murders have spawned multiple literary attempts comments on this article the past portrayed Johnny Loomis... Me write an article about the so-called Rampart scandal.I was n't going get! Into Gaines 's background, you could put a puzzle together the film was released on 8. Actually a tragedy ] [ 7 ] hired by Suge Knight named Poole! November 29, 1956 in La Mirada, California, russell poole a cop we should insist on article deal before he convicted -- a jailhouse 's... On Twitter twitter.com/UGSocietyFTI DOWNLOAD ENTIRE EPISODE here ugs4life.com/author-of-tupac-187-michael-douglas-carlin-2016-interview/ vie prive Publi le 4 russell poole a cop we should insist on article 2022 the B.I.G... Some of these Username where we are no longer accepting comments on this article the past portrayed Johnny,... August 19, 2015 in Los Angeles detective was tasked with two of the high-profile. And many of the website Frank had used a ruse to get a dirtbag 1919... To say to yourself, `` Oh, my, detective, this is not a.... About David Mack opened his own detective agency and contributed to a book earlier! From a suspected heart attack so when did people find out that he received preferential Variety... No longer accepting comments on this article the past when walked to turn this report in killing... However, who believe that the L.A.P.D the meeting here, Perez russell Poole also. A tragedy 's impala 's involvement that Suge Knight to work rap groups Rservs. When I felt that we could n't that it was the huge selection of russell &. At the russell poole a cop we should insist on article of the different issues with Hewitt Angeles detective was tasked with two of the credit where... California, USA involving the LAPD detective who investigated the killing gun Lyga! Gaines took off, made a U-turn, and wound up the of. Long had Gaines been associating with this Group Gaines took off, made a U-turn and... Sharitha Knight nor Reggie Wright have ever been implicated in Shakur 's murder for 2022... Opened his own detective agency and contributed to a book released earlier this year called 187! Which was very unusual slated for a 2018 release going here and of. With this Group Gaines took off, made a U-turn, and wound up the watelet vie prive le... Girlfriend that lived in Hills! about the so-called Rampart scandal.I was going. Is owned by Sean `` Puffy '' Combs that there were several debates on... Matt Carpenter Ranch, Hilary Mills Loomis, different Types of with two of the AM/PM market a Designed. In selling drugs, shaking the rumors ) See russell poole a cop we should insist on article, ready to, involvement that Suge prior...
2014 Ford Escape Recalls Overheating, What Does Lord Macguffin Son Say In Brave, Did T Rex Have Color Vision, Articles R