Recent approaches for chemical control of broomrape (Orobanche spp.) Inhibition of seed conditioning and subsequent germination mediated by inhibitors of GA synthesis reduces the receptivity of broomrape seeds to germination-inducing factors. This method consists in heating the soil through sun energy achieving temperatures above 45C, by covering a wet soil with transparent polyethylene sheets for a period of 48 weeks during the warmest season (Katan, 1981; Mauro et al., 2015). MF-A wrote the paper. The majority of broomrape species are botanical wonders parasitizing wild host plants in natural ecosystems. Evaluation of amino acids as turfgrass nematicides. doi: 10.1093/jxb/ern316. 67, 10151022. 50, 211219. The transfer of nutrients from host to broomrape is performed through a continuous vascular system at the host-parasite interface. No-tillage improves broomrape control with glyphosate in faba-bean. Biological traits in broomrape such as achlorophyllous nature, underground parasitism, the physical connection and growth synchronization with the crop, and the exclusive uptake of resources via crop vascular system rather than from the soil make broomrape control a challenging agricultural task. News Bull. J. Bot. Weed Res. (2013). Effect of branched broomrape (Orobanche ramosa) infection on the growth and photosynthesis of tomato. 3585999. Sci. Instead, broomrapes are in current state of intensification and spread due to lack of broomrape-specific control programs, unconscious introduction to new areas and may be decline of herbicide use and global warming to a lesser degree. 89, 177181. Sci. 11, 240246. 20, 471478. and transmitted securely. New Phytol. How broomrapes make the distinction not only between host-derived and their own-encoded strigolactones but also how they sense diversified strigolactone profiles in root exudates across species correlated with host ranges. In addition, their mixed traits of weed and underground pathogen, make their control tricky. Israeli researchers developed a temperature/moisture model for application of low rates of an ALS inhibitor on processing tomatoes. Resistance in AB-VL-8 is . Plant Physiol. 47, 153159. Weed Sci. Despite of this fact, Seed Certification Services in some of the countries affected, do not include in their certification standards, inspection of crop seed samples for broomrape inoculum. A multiple-pathogen strategy in which two or more pathogens are combined has been proved successful for the control of broomrape causing a synergistic effect that can lead to 100% broomrape control (Dor and Hershenhorn, 2003; Mller-Stver et al., 2005). Annu. Multiple flushes (cohorts) of emergence could be found within a single season . Processing tomato growers are struggling to contain a potentially devastating parasitic weed that had not been seen since growers waged a successful eradication campaign four decades ago. Bot. (2008). 45, 379387. Sci. Fenugreek root exudates show species-specific stimulation of Orobanche seed germination. This strategy requires a careful calibration of doses and timing depending on the host crop and underground phenology of broomrape determined by local conditions and crop (Hershenhorn et al., 1998, 2009; Eizenberg et al., 2006). Induction of phenolic compounds in pea (Pisum sativum L.) inoculated by Rhizobium leguminosarum and infected with Orobanche crenata. Mol. Technol. doi: 10.1111/j.0031-9317.2004.0243.x, Cimmino, A., Fernandez-Aparicio, M., Andolfi, A., Basso, S., Rubiales, D., and Evidente, A. Biol. doi: 10.1007/s11627-007-9054-5, Aly, R., Plakhin, D., and Achdari, G. (2006). official website and that any information you provide is encrypted in soils and in solutions. The consequent reduced flux of water and nutrients toward the parasite, low utilization of host-derived sucrose and lower levels of soluble proteins limits the parasitic sink strength and yield losses due to broomrape parasitism (Abbes et al., 2009). J. Ann. Researchers are conducting the germination studies to develop a model for the right application time in the UC Davis Contained Research Facility, which is designed to prevent escape of the weed. It is well-established in autotrophic plants that abscisic acid (ABA) acts as a positive regulator of induction of seed dormancy and its maintenance and gibberelins (GAs) antagonizes with ABA, promoting dormancy release and subsequent germination (Finch-Savage and Leubner-Metzger, 2006). Its a root parasite; it cannot produce its own chlorophyll, Fatino said. doi: 10.1093/jxb/50.331.211, Kebreab, E., and Murdoch, A. J. Res. Careers. 133, 637642. PLoS ONE 7:e49273. Plakhine, D., Eizenberg, H., Hershenhorn, J., Goldwasser, Y., and Kleifeld, Y. Matvienko, M., Wojtowicz, A., Wrobel, R., Jamison, D., Goldwasser, Y., and Yoder, J. I. (2007). However, the efficacy of these molecules has been proved only in laboratory essays. The amino acid approach to control weeds is inspired on the concept of frenching disease where amino acid end-product inhibits the activity of a controlling enzyme in the amino acid biosynthesis pathway (Vurro et al., 2006, 2009; Sands and Pilgeram, 2009). Biol. J. Agric. Weed Sci. It cost around $6,000 an acre.. One plant can produce over 100,000 seeds only 0.3 millimeters long. doi: 10.1146/annurev.py.19.090181.001235, Kebreab, E., and Murdoch, A. J. (1992). However, when Vurro et al. The first mechanism involved in host specialization is displayed during broomrape germination and is mediated by the broomrape recognition of host root exudates in a species-specific manner. Haustorium initiation and early development, in Parasitic Orobanchaceae, eds D. M. Joel, L. J. Musselman, and J. Gressel (Berlin: Springer), 6174. EM 8884-E Reprinted August 2008 important rotational crop in grass seed production systems. doi: 10.1023/A:1015654429456. (2012). Plant Sci. The economic importance of the phytoparasites Orobanche and Striga, in Proceedings of the Fifth Symposium on Parasitic Weeds, Nairobi, eds J. K. Ransom, L. J. Musselman, A. D. Worsham, and C. Parker (Nairobi: CIMMYT), 137143. doi: 10.1021/jf030025s, Grenz, J. H., Manschadi, A. M., Uygurc, F. N., and Sauerborn, J. Hemp broomrape (Orobanche ramosa), also known as branched broomrape, is a noxious pest around the world and can cause significant losses if crops are heavily infested. Orobanche crenata in Sudan: history, distribution and management. Sci. Front. Pest Manag. The potential of Rhizobium mutants for biological control of Orobanche crenata. One plant can produce over 100,000 seeds only 0.3 millimeters long. Foy, C. L., Jain, R., and Jacobsohn, R. (1989). Minimum tillage reduces the amount of viable seeds incorporated in the soil and then their capacity to reach the crop root system (Ghersa and Martinez-Ghersa, 2000; Lpez-Bellido et al., 2009). Besides the demethylation of PrCYP707A1 promoter required for host-dependent PrCYP707A1 expression, the high levels of global DNA demethylation observed at the end of conditioning period suggest that the epigenetic process occurring during the conditioning phase may be targeting other unknown molecules during conditioning. 111, 193202. Hot air temperature and clear skies are required during the solarization period. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Striga hermonthica MAX2 restores branching but not the very low fluence response in the Arabidopsis thaliana MAX2 mutant. Plant Physiol. Ilustration of broomrape life stages and mechanisms of control. doi: 10.1093/pcp/pcr176. Emerged small broomrape stalks in a red clover seed production eld. -, Abbes Z., Kharrat M., Delavault P., Chabi W., Simier P. (2009). Haustorial connection of broomrape with the root of a weed host In south Texas, broomrape seed germination occurs from December to February. The crops affected depend on the host range of the broomrape species considered but in general, those in the Asteraceae, Brassicaceae, Apiaceae, Fabaceae, or Solanaceae such as sunflower, oilseed rape, carrot, faba bean, or tomato among many others, sustain the major attacks (Parker and Riches, 1993). Ann. Based on those conditions, methionine has the potential to be used as broomrape herbicide but it needs to be confirmed and its application adjusted to real field conditions. Res. (2011). Plant Cell Environ. golden disc awards 2021 nct. Plant Microbe Interact. Nitrate is not toxic to broomrape as it lacks the ability to convert nitrate into ammonium (van Hezewijk and Verkleij, 1996). Pseudomonas aeruginosa, P. fluorescens, Bacillus atrophaeus, B. subtilis are promising biocontrol agents targeting the growth of broomrape radicles (Barghouthi and Salman, 2010). B., Delavault P., Chaibi W., Simier P. (2010). 53, 107117. Corrections? The regulatory consequences of having this quarantine pest discovered are so draconian there may be a temptation to keep the finding secret, Hanson said. Am. 65, 566571. Environ. This surface is covered by carbohydrate secretion that sticks the haustorium to the host surface. Phytochemistry 41, 403406. 23, 407413. A. S. Lpez, E. I. Martnez, T. R. Blas, M. C. Lpez, and J. P. Sestelo (A Corua: Dario Prada-Rodrguez of University of A Corua), 688. A number of broomrape species are serious agricultural threats. control in pea (Pisum sativum L.) by foliar applications of benzothiadiazole (BTH). Because parasitic weeds require host encoded molecules to stimulate the initiation of parasitism both at the level of seed germination and haustorium initiation, breeding for low-inducers genotypes of those processes are obvious targets for resistance (Yoder and Scholes, 2010). Broomrape species display high diversity with regard to their host range. Bot. J. Weed Sci. Ecological aspects of nitrogen assimilation. Privat, G. (1960). Therefore an integrated and sustained management strategy composed by several control methods acting at different broomrape life stages is highly recommended to keep away the broomrape weed problem in a durable manner (Kebreab and Murdoch, 2001). Among the amino acids producing the highest and most consistent inhibitory effects on broomrape germination and radicle elongation, some, such as methionine are being produced in large commercial scale as animal feed supplements. doi: 10.1016/j.fcr.2011.09.003, Fernndez-Aparicio, M., Moral, A., Kharrat, M., and Rubiales, D. (2012b). Engineering of virulence-enhanced mycoherbicides is another approach of great interest. Rhizobium leguminosarum induces defense mechanisms based on elevated induction of the phenylpropanoid pathway conferring mechanical and chemical barriers to the parasite penetration (Mabrouk et al., 2007a,b,c, 2010). 49, 67. 51, 702707. 47 153159. Chlorsulfuron resistant transgenic tobacco as a tool for broomrape control. J. One step in the research is to learn if the tomatoes can grow through low level applications of the candidate herbicides. The Biology of Parasitic Fowering Plants. Phytopathol. In the following sections we describe the key developmental stages in the subterranean broomrape life cycle. 31, 285289. Weed Sci. We reviewed relevant facts about the biology and physiology of broomrape weeds and the major feasible control . Major feasible strategies for controlling broomrape and gain productivity in the current crop are those based on cultural practices that promote host scape to parasitic damage by improving host sink competitiveness, selective chemical control of the parasite via the haustorium, and host resistance based in physical, chemical barriers and physiological incompatibility. It is not difficult to imagine many cases in which parents could be motivated to experiment with such biotechnology in an effort to control a child's loving feelings. 10.1016/j.plaphy.2008.10.004 60, 295306. doi: 10.1021/jf5027235, Fernndez-Aparicio, M., and Rubiales, D. (2012). Biological regulation of broomrapes. Soc. 65, 453459. (2001). doi: 10.1016/j.cropro.2003.09.013, Labrousse, P., Arnaud, M. C., Seryes, H., Berville, A., and Thalouarn, P. (2001). The effects of superphosphate application, 2,4-DB and grazing on broomrape (Orobanche minor Sm.) 125, 9297. Such target-site resistance is also available in other broomrape-susceptible crops but remains to be tested and registered to control broomrape. Once broomrape has established connection with the vascular system of its hosts, broomrape management should be performed quickly to abort at earlier stages the strong parasitic sink for nutrients and water. The seedling absorbs water both from the soil and from the seed endothelium, the later ensuring radicle development even in dry soil (Joel et al., 2012). doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3180.1971.tb01006.x, Stewart, G. R., and Press, M. C. (1990). Botany 88, 839849. not been previously reported. In addition, accumulation of toxic phenolic compounds at the infection point can be observed in some resistant varieties. 58, 11871193. A simple method for stabilizing and granulating fungi. Transgenic Res. Although hard seed coat has been described as dormancy mechanism in newly formed broomrape seeds (Lpez-Granados and Garca-Torres, 1996), water uptake and imbibition are performed quickly by mature seeds through the micropyle without the need of scarification (Bar-Nun and Mayer, 1993; Joel et al., 2012). B., and Mallory-Smith, C. A. The activity of glutamine synthetase in broomrape is very low and therefore carries a reduced broomrape ability to detoxify ammonium. Pest Manag. Ann. Effects of environmental factors on dormancy and germination of crenate broomrape (Orobanche crenata). Musselman, L. J. Inter-cropping with berseem clover (Trifolium alexandrinum) reduces infection by Orobanche crenata in legumes. doi: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.10.034, Conn, C. E., Bythell-Douglas, R., Neumann, D., Yoshida, S., Whittington, B., Westwood, J. H., et al. Induced disease resistance mediated by endogenous salicylic acid (SA) also described as systemic acquired resistance (SAR) induces hypersensitive responses in many plant species against fungal, bacterial and viral diseases. Review of the systematics of Scrophulariaceae s.l. doi: 10.1016/j.cropro.2006.10.012, Fernndez-Aparicio, M., Yoneyama, K., and Rubiales, D. (2011). J. Agric. 89, 2327. 122, 275281. Eradication of Orobanche/Phelipanche spp. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2006.01787.x. Sci. However, results recently arisen from a molecule screening identified phytotoxins that induce the development of anchoring device in broomrape radicles (Cimmino et al., 2014, 2015). 2014 Oct 29;62(43):10485-92. doi: 10.1021/jf504609w. Fernndez-Aparicio M, Delavault P, Timko MP. Tolerant varieties are able to endure infection with minor losses on productivity. Beechdrops are an annual that forms thin, often purple-tinged, yellow-brown 12-inch or taller stems with . doi: 10.1002/ps.1732. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3180.2009.00738.x, Prez-de-Luque, A., Jorrn, J., Cubero, J. I., and Rubiales, D. (2005). Haustorium 53, 13. Control 15, 274282. All rights reserved. doi: 10.1560/Q3BA-8BJW-W7GH-XHPX, Das, M., Fernndez-Aparicio, M., Yang, Z. Ivanovi , Marisavljevi D, Marinkovi R, Mitrovi P, Blagojevi J, Nikoli I, Pavlovi D. Plant Pathol J. broomrape and bursage relationship. (1999). Figure 2. Thorie Elmentaire de la Botanique. Field Crops Res. The evolution from autotrophic to heterotrophic mode of nutrition carried a reduction of the main broomrape vegetative organs toward vestigial versions, non-functional for autotrophy. Effects of environment and sowing date on the competition between faba bean (Vicia faba) and the parasitic weed Orobanche crenata. doi: 10.1021/jf5027235, Fernndez-Aparicio, M., Kisugi, T., Xie, X., Rubiales, D., and Yoneyama, K. (2014). Plant J. Saghir, A. R. (1986). Characterization of resistance in chickpea to crenate broomrape (Orobanche crenata). (A) Fructification and dehiscence of capsules containing mature seeds; (B) microscopic view of a seed (size ranging 0.22 mm) that undergoes sucessive dispersal, primary dormancy and annual release of secondary dormancy; (C) broomrape embryo does not develop morphologycaly identified cotyledons or shoot meristem and upon host-induced germination, only a radicle emerges from the seed with the function of searching and contacting the host root; (D) upon haustorial induction, the radicle stops elongating and a single terminal haustorium is differentiated. Ehleringer, J. R., and Marshall, J. D. (1995). doi: 10.1614/WS-D-11-00113.1. The broomrape plant is small, from 10-60 cm tall depending on species. Soil herbigation (saturating the soil with herbicides such as sulfonylureas) effectively controls preattached stages of broomrapes (Hershenhorn et al., 2009) but is hardly compatible with other agricultural cropping practices as detrimental for many crop seedlings for several weeks or months. Mediterr. (2012). Invertases involved in the development of the parasitic plant Phelipanche ramosa: characterization of the dominant soluble acid isoform, PrSAI1. 60, 316323. doi: 10.2135/cropsci2004.2221. (2007c). It remains unknown whether host factors are required by broomrape radicle to initiate haustorium and consequently this strategy has not been fully explored. We reviewed relevant facts about the biology and physiology of broomrape weeds and the major feasible control strategies. Understanding Orobanche and Phelipanche-host plant interactions and developing resistance. doi: 10.1560/E2KB-FM11-X4U2-YC9J, Bar-Nun, N., Sachs, T., and Mayer, A. M. (2008). Multiple KAI2d genes across broomrape species genomes may allow diversified recognition of root exudates corresponding with suitable hosts (Conn et al., 2015). Orobanche crenata in Ethiopia. Mol. eCollection 2022. Biosynthesis and action of ethylene. Euphytica 186, 897905. If this effect is confirmed, L-methionine use to elicit resistance to broomrape in susceptible crops could be a straightforward strategy either by direct applications of this amino acid in the soil as explained in Section Control Strategies Targeting Host Penetration or delivered by overproducing and excreting microorganisms as explained in Section Strategies to Control Underground Broomrapes Acting after Establishment.. 32, 767790. Sustain. Analysis of resistance criteria of sunflower recombined inbred lines against Orobanche cumana Wallr. doi: 10.1094/MPMI.1998.11.6.530, Xie, X., Yoneyama, K., and Yoneyama, K. (2010). Plant Biol. doi: 10.1002/ps.1739, Sarosh, B. R., Sivaramakrishnan, S., and Shetty, H. S. (2005). doi: 10.1051/agro:2001167. Front Plant Sci. Flavonoids promote haustoria formation in the root parasite Triphysaria versicolor. Is seed conditioning essential for Orobanche germination? There have been some known cases in the Sacramento Valley, but I think its more than reported, Hanson said. doi: 10.1016/j.pbi.2010.04.011, Yoneyama, K., Xie, X., Kim, H. I., Kisugi, T., Nomura, T., Sekimoto, H., et al. 21, 533537. In order to achieve such synchrony they evolved mechanisms that release seed from dormancy triggering germination upon detection of specific molecules contained in host root exudates (Vaucher, 1823). The second possibility to increase rotation efficacy for broomrape control is to include catch crops, which are crops that also induce high broomrape germination but they are not resistant to it. J. Cleavage of sucrose into glucose and fructose doubles the osmotic potential of the parasite. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049273. 33, 787793. consultancy for, shared ownership in or any close relationship with, at any time over the preceding 36 months, any organisation whose interests may be affected by the publication of the response. Many beneficial organisms are either able to survive the solarization treatment or able to recolonize solarized soil (Sauerborn et al., 1989; Mauromicale et al., 2001). Although analytical chemistry methods have failed to detect strigolactones in parasitic plants (Liu et al., 2014), transcriptome sequencing reveals that all known strigolactone genes, both synthesis and perception are present in broomrapes with apparently full-length proteins (Pron et al., 2012; Das et al., 2015). Phytochemistry 109, 5765. Tomilov, A., Tomilova, N., Shin, D. H., Jamison, D., Torres, M., Reagan, R., et al. Crops that reach their seed filling period earlier than broomrape initiates its underground bud development are able to restrict parasitic sink and endure parasitic damage (Manschadi et al., 1996; Grenz et al., 2005; Fernndez-Aparicio et al., 2009a, 2012a). Copyright 2016 Fernndez-Aparicio, Reboud and Gibot-Leclerc. Resistance that occurs in the endodermis is mediated by lignification of endodermal and pericycle cell walls. Positive regulation: (1) production by each flower scape of hundreds of thousands of seeds able to survive in the soil for more than 10 years; (2) production by the host plant of strigolactones or glucosinolates that stimulate seed germination (blue arrows). hellofresh stock concentrate packets. and their current disposition. Bandaranayake, P. C. G., and Yoder, J. I. doi: 10.1016/j.biocontrol.2003.12.003. with Phytomyza orobanchia, a review. These stages constitute sites of broomrape metabolism at which it is possible to design successful strategies to inhibit its sophisticated parasitism. broomrape and bursage relationship. Besides their role as extraorganismal signaling, recent research is uncovering new functions for strigolactones as plant hormone controlling crop development in response to the environment (Gomez-Roldan et al., 2008; Umehara et al., 2008). Rev. doi: 10.1016/S0261-2194(99)00070-8, Antonova, T. S., and Ter Borg, S. J. Biol. Effect of Brassica campestris var. Conventional and biotechnological approaches for control of parasitic weeds. 93, 10391051. These efforts were so successful that no industry dollars have gone to this problem since then, until now.. Preconditioning and germination of Orobanche seeds: respiration and protein synthesis. Abu-Irmaileh B. E. (1994). 18, 463489. Breeding approaches for crenate broomrape (Orobanche crenata Forsk.) For each broomrape-crop association, broomrape germination potential is defined by the combination of both, the stimulatory capability of crop root exudates and the sensitivity of parasitic receptors to recognize specific forms of germination-inducing factors (Fernndez-Aparicio et al., 2008a, 2009b, 2011). Parasitic plants eavesdrop the plant-to-symbiont communication to sense their hosts and germinate (Xie et al., 2010). The physiology of the established parasite-host association, in Parasitic Orobanchaceae, eds D. M. Joel, J. Gressel, and L. J. Musselman (Berlin: Springer), 87114. 53, 1927. Like most seeds, broomrape seeds are resistant to rapid microbial degradation due to phenols located in its testa (Cezard, 1973). Study on viability and longevity of Orobanche seed under laboratory conditions, in Proceedings of the International Workshop on Orobanche Research: Progress in Orobanche Research, eds K. Wegmann and L. J. Musselman (Obermarchtal: Eberhard-Karls Universitat), 110114. doi: 10.1094/MPMI-10-11-0260. doi: 10.1002/adfm.201300053, Fernndez-Aparicio, M., Andolfi, A., Evidente, A., Prez-de-Luque, A., and Rubiales, D. (2008a). Manschadi, A. M., Kroschel, J., and Sauerborn, J. The re-emergence of branched broomrape in California is of concern to the processing tomato industry as: 1) the experience in other regions of the world has demonstrated the extreme vulnerability of tomato to branched broomrape parasitism, 2) broomrapes seem likely to rapidly establish and spread in California because of the similarity to the species' native climate, (3) repeated cultivation . This allows the creosote seedling to establish itself and it will soon outgrow the bursage. Transfer of organic substances from the host plant Vicia faba to the parasite Orobanche crenata Forsk. This approach is based on the selection of naturally occurring mutants that overproduce and excrete an enhanced amount of specific amino acid with broomrape inhibition properties on seed germination and radicle growth (Vurro et al., 2006; Sands and Pilgeram, 2009). Phytochemistry 34, 3945. Natural pesticides derived of microbial and plant origin are considered to be less harmful because they usually biodegrade quicker, resulting in less pollution-related problems. Can. Control 30, 212219. Effect of Egyptian broomrape (Orobanche aegyptiaca) burial depth on parasitism dynamics and chemical control in tomato. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-3180.2002.00306.x. Ghersa, C. M., and Martinez-Ghersa, M. A. Org. doi: 10.1614/WS-07-147.1, Mauromicale, G., Restuccia, G., and Marchese, A. Molecular and biochemical mechanisms of defence induced in pea by Rhizobium leguminosarum against Orobanche crenata. (1998). 47, 27. A novel approach to Striga and Orobanche control using synthetic germination stimulants. Close related parasitic plants of Orobanchaceae such as Striga and Triphysaria use host derived phenolic derivatives to induce haustorium differentiation (Riopel and Timko, 1995; Albrecht et al., 1999; Bandaranayake and Yoder, 2013). 2021 Feb 5;2(5):100166. doi: 10.1016/j.xplc.2021.100166. 14, 273278. Sudan J. Agric. Underground Mechanisms of Parasitism and Associated Strategies for their Control: A Review. See this image and copyright information in PMC. Evaluation of weed eradication programs: the delimitation of extent. Plant Dis. parasitism on amino acid composition of carrot (Daucus carota L). (2009). Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. In this regard, France is doing valuable work through the Technical Center for Oilseed Crops and Industrial Hemp, Terresinovia, where a nationwide survey of infested fields is actualized online on real time by the farmers with new cases emerging every year and recently toward new regions such as the French Centre region1 Several studies suggest that large areas of new territory are at risk of invasion by broomrape (Mohamed et al., 2006; Grenz and Sauerborn, 2007), and in fact, invasions in completely new regions are already emerging in countries such as Spain, UK, France, Algeria, Ethiopia, Egypt, Sudan (Reda, 2006; Babiker et al., 2007; Babiker, 2008; Rubiales et al., 2008; Abu-Irmaileh and Labrada, 2009; Parker, 2014). 6, 31293140. Field Crops Res. Crops with target-site herbicide resistance for Orobanche and Striga control. 56, 574581. J. Sci. (1980). (1992). (2007a). Group 6, 1119. 20, 423435. Phylogeny of the parasitic plant family Orobanchaceae inferred from phytochrome A. They are attempting to learn if a timely application of an herbicide at a rate high enough to stunt the broomrape, but low enough to spare the tomatoes, can be an effective strategy to minimize crop losses. It is a prolific seed producer. This is maintained by accumulation of solutes mainly potassium at higher concentrations than in the corresponding host tissues (Abbes et al., 2009). We reviewed relevant facts about the biology and physiology of broomrape weeds and the major feasible control strategies. doi: 10.1007/s11103-008-9429-y. 43, 808815. 43, 6371. Keywords: 61, 97979803. Biol. Field Crops Res. Phytochemistry 72, 624634. Host plant resistance to parasitic weeds; recent progress and bottlenecks. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help - A free PowerPoint PPT presentation (displayed as an HTML5 slide show) on PowerShow.com - id: 7fc2e8-Mjc3Z doi: 10.1046/j.1365-3040.1998.00272.x, Hibberd, J. M., Quick, W. P., Press, M. C., Scholes, J. D., and Jeschke, W. D. (1999). 25, 803813. Control the Striga conundrum. Effect of triiodobenzoic acid on broomrape (Orobanche ramosa) infection and development in tomato plants. Nutrients influence the crop-parasite pre-attached interaction in several ways. Plant Physiol. The majority of strategies aimed to manage autotrophic weeds do not necessarily work for broomrapes and those that provide a degree of success for broomrape need to be optimized for each broomrape-crop species combination, local environmental conditions and broomrape population. Babiker, A. G. T., Hamdoun, A. M., Rudwan, A., Mansi, N. G., and Faki, H. H. (1987). (2007). 16, 153160. 65, 540545. doi: 10.1086/283185, Auger, B., Pouvreau, J. The advances yielded as intense research made connects the major critical steps of the life cycle of Orobanche, the external factors influencing it either through molecular dialog between the parasite and the crop or the soil and climatic environmental conditions naturally opens the way toward the potential effect of the cropping system in limiting broomrape parasitism: choice of the crop, timing, plant protection, soil perturbation, fertilization, etc. Elicitation of defense related enzymes and resistance by L-methionine in pearl millet against downy mildew disease caused by Sclerospora graminicola.
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